“This experience made me realise how important it is to create a will. It took me more than two years to get all assets transferred in my name,” says Chopra.
There is no official data on how many people have created a will in India. In an independent survey of 467 people, online will-making platform Yellow found that 80% of the respondents had not created a will. Another 10% had only created a rough draft. Surprisingly, over 60% of the respondents believed that being a nominee was akin to being a legal heir.
Chopra has created a will himself, which very few do. “Will-creation is not as complicated as it seems. I wrote a comprehensive will of three pages and got it attested by four witnesses at my home itself, even though only two witnesses are required,” says Chopra.
Even a hand-written will on a blank paper attested by two witnesses is considered legal. One does not have to register it at the sub-registrar’s office. However, not everyone could be capable of drafting a will on their own. There are nuances depending on how much wealth and assets one holds.
“Wills are no longer drafted by lawyers alone. Tax consultants , chartered accountants, company secretaries and in some cases even notary public are part of the ecosystem. But the significance of the testamentary document cannot be undermined as it demands legal knowledge and exposure to succession laws,” says Rajat Dutta, founder and initiator at Inheritance Needs Services Pvt. Ltd.
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Online will-making platforms such as Yellow, WillJini and No Grey have made the process affordable and accessible. Banks too have group companies running will-making services, such as SBICap Trustee’s MyWill Services. “We charge ₹15,000 for offline will services. Online charges are just ₹2,500,” says Meenal Purswani, head-legal, risk and compliance, at SBI Trustee.
Pune-based Madhav Samant got his will done via an online will-making platform.
“For me data privacy was most important. I thoroughly ensured it before going ahead with the platform.” says Samant.
“I opted for a customised option, in which my draft was reviewed by a lawyer. Later ,on they appointed a person physically who helped me with registering the will at the registrar’s office. I paid ₹20,000 each for me and my wife,” he added.
Samant also got a power of attorney done so that in case he becomes incapacitated, a PoA in the name of his wife would ensure his funds remain accessible. “It cost me an additional ₹10,000,” he says.
Also read | How to ensure phased payouts to your nominee in the case of death
Online platforms are convenient, but one has to be cautious about it.
“Will is a personalised document. One size will not fit all,” Dutta says of Inheritance Needs.
“A good lawyer will verify your documents instead of creating a will on self-declaration. I have seen instances where a person may say he has 50% ownership of a property, but property documents show other relatives are involved,” he adds.
“The paperwork has to be done impeccably while you are living to smoothen the inheritance after you are gone. Reliance on detailed documentation supporting the will at the drafting stage itself is critical and dependence on self-declaration could prove disastrous.”
Remember, a will is the only document that stands scrutiny post the demise of an asset owner. “Neither reference nor consultation with the author is possible. The document needs to be robust enough to be self-sustaining,” Dutta cautions.
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Minor beneficiaries
Be very careful about the language of the will and consider all possible scenarios when writing it. Many people tend to will all their assets to one beneficiary, mostly their spouse. What if the husband and wife both pass away while the children are still minors?
That is what made Anshul Goel include 11 scenarios in his will. “Some scenarios are like this—if wife dies, then the husband gets everything; if husband dies, then bifurcation between wife and parents,” Goel says.
He has also appointed five legal guardians in an order in case his spouse and he both die. “I have included specific instructions for them such as using the existing bank account to fulfil the needs/wants and desires of my child(ren), sending them to the best of the boarding schools in the country, and giving all money to them when they turn 25,” Goel says.
The language should be such that wealth accumulated after creating a will should find a place in it. “A will can always be updated with codicil or addendum, but one will have to bear the cost all over again, more so in the case of a registered will,” says Purswani of SBI Trustee.
Foreign assets
If you have assets in one or multiple foreign countries, it cannot be part of your Indian will. You will have to create separate wills for foreign countries.
“Such people are advised to create a living trust because executing a composite or multiple wills in different jurisdictions is a complicated, time-consuming, and expensive process,” says Pritika Kumar, co-founder, No Grey, a Gurgaon-based online legal platform involved in making wills and trusts.
For families whose children are studying abroad (or about to), careful planning can help optimise their portfolio and allow wealth-creation overseas.
Also read | Why India loves to hate inheritance tax and estate duty—wrongly
“NRIs are treated differently under (Foreign Exchange Management Act), and broadly are allowed to remit more monies outside India, compared to a resident Indian,” says Rishabh Shroff, head of the private client team at law firm Cyril Amarchand Mangaldas, specialising in succession planning.
“Families may explore transferring liquid assets directly into the hands of the NRI child to allow more remittance overseas,” says Shroff.
Naming an executor
Appointing an executor should be well thought-out.
“Generally, people appoint their spouses as a sole executor, but executors should be fairly young because they should reasonably be expected to outlive you,” Shroff adds. “We advise having a spouse as the first-order executor, followed by children as the joint executor.”
While preference should be given to the immediate family as executors, in some cases people do consider using family confidants, chartered accountants or lawyers as executors.
“However, this is rare. We have observed business families feel uncomfortable about appointing a professional executor, and prefer to keep such important matters within the family,” says Shroff.
Also read | Does your family know about your investments?
While a trust is advisable if large wealth is involved, a Hindu Undivided Family can be considered too.
“If aged parents want to will away their wealth, the eldest son can activate his HUF, being its Karta,” says CA Prakash Hegde. “Parents can include the HUF as one of the beneficiaries in the will. It would be a separate entity for tax purposes.”
Note that if the Uniform Civil Code gets implemented, the concept of HUF will be erased.
To register or not
Creating a will is just the beginning. Executing it after the one who has created it (testator) is gone could be challenging. The testator should ensure in her lifetime that the will is foolproof.
Even as a hand-written will on a white paper is legal, some financial institutions may ask for the registered will.
“A will need not be registered according to the law and it can still be executed. However, in one of my client’s cases, during transmission of mutual fund units, a notary will was not accepted,” says Milan Pandya, a Mumbai-based personal finance consultant.
“We had to go through the succession certificate process, which was a time-consuming and costly affair. The client paid roughly ₹1.5 lakh to obtain it, including court and lawyer fees.”
Even registered wills can be contested. The last will, or the most recent will pre-demise, will be the valid will whether registered or otherwise.
In such scenarios, a probate will be needed. Probate is a process whereby the legal system certifies the legitimacy to the will with adequate due diligence and after hearing the aggrieved parties.
“You may have a registered will, but if the testator creates an unregistered will later, it will hold supremacy. In such situations, a probate will be required,” says Dutta of Inheritance Needs.
If the deceased owned immovable assets or properties in Mumbai, Kolkata or Chennai, a probate is a must for the beneficiaries.
“While registering a will is not compulsory, it could be prudent to register it if the value of immovable property exceeds 50% in value terms (of the entire net worth of the asset owner), or if some beneficiaries are expected to be given less when compared to others,” says Dutta.
“Registration to an extent can dilute the impact of possible future litigation.”
Will-creation is a simple affair. But seek professional help from an experienced lawyer or an institution if complex inheritance matters are involved.
